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The goals of canine breeding programs are usually to optimize both pregnancy rates and litter size.

Radiology and ultrasonography are useful for evaluating the ovaries, uterine wall, and intrauterine contents; for confirming pregnancy; and for assessing fetal viability.

Dystocia, or difficult birth, has an overall prevalence of approximately 5% to 6% of pregnancies in bitches and queens.

Although many first-aid measures have been advocated for pit viper bite victims, none has been shown to prevent morbidity or mortality.

Vaccines are such a routine part of everyday veterinary practice that we forget about potential reactions and complications until they occur.

Pit vipers are the largest group of venomous snakes in the United States and are involved in an estimated 150,000 bites annually of dogs and cats.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) estimates that 69,000 people reporting severe headaches and 105,000 people reporting respiratory problems in the workplace may be suffering from poor indoor environmental quality.

Many bites and stings inflicted by venomous arthropods (arachnids and hymenoptera) are poorly understood.

The goal of decontamination is to prevent the continued absorption of the toxicant.

There are a number of causes of decreased platelets in dogs and cats, but whenever platelet counts fall acutely an immune-mediated disorder should be suspected.

Dietary management is a vital component of successful treatment of many gastrointestinal (GI) diseases.

Dosing regimens are comprised of a route, dose and interval and are designed to achieve a plasma drug concentration (PDC) within a targeted therapeutic range.

As a healing method, acupuncture has been used for several thousand years. However, recent interest in alternative medicines and especially in the alternative medicines in veterinary medicine have made acupuncture an evermore popular complement or alternative to western or allopathic medicine.

Gastrointestinal disease is common in pet ferrets and is frequently accompanied by weight loss and wasting.

Dosing regimens for antimicrobials should be related to MIC. However, simply achieving the MIC in the patient is not likely to be sufficient for a variety of reasons.

Gastrointestinal disease in rabbits is common, and practical experience and observation demonstrate that in the clinical setting, is commonly related to inappropriate diet.

The first step in the approach to the acutely vomiting dog is to determine that vomiting and not regurgitation is present.

In the diagnostic work up of any case, one of the most frequently used tests is the complete blood count (CBC).

Esophageal strictures may occur from gastroesophageal reflux (often during surgery), esophageal foreign bodies, neoplasia, and the ingestion of caustic substances.

Disease conditions that lead to anemia can be divided into two general categories: regenerative and nonregenerative.

Controversy: Histologic evaluation of biopsy specimens is required for definitive diagnosis.

Cats presenting with a primary complaint of hypercalcemia can often be a diagnostic challenge.

Throughout recorded history, the ability of fragrance to induce responses and enhance moods has been a powerful theme in virtually every culture, and a variety of fragrances have been used to enhance emotional, mental, and spiritual well-being.

The goal of neonatal care is to maximize the health and well being of the newborn puppy and kitten.

Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) denotes a clinical condition characterized by excessive loss of plasma proteins into the gastrointestinal tract.

Distal aortic thromboembolism (ATE) is most commonly recognized as a devastating sequel to underlying cardiac disease in the cat.

Even experienced practitioners may not realize that giving a patient antibiotics affects not just that patient, but also their environment, and all the other people that come into contact with that environment.

Day in and day out, clinical pathology is used to make diagnoses, assess response to treatment and to screen healthy animals for occult disease.