Surgery & Wound Management

The most common indication for total joint replacement in the small animal is osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease that is a cause of significant and frequent pain.

Osteoarthritis affects diarthrodial joints of small animals including the shoulder, elbow, carpus, hip, stifle, tarsus, and spinal articulations.

Elbow dysplasia is a group of diseases made up of several conditions including ununited anconeal process, osteochondritis dissecans humerus, fragmented coronoid process, and incomplete humeral ossification.

Joint diseases can be classified into inflammatory or non-inflammatory.

Chronic disorders of the musculoskeletal and neurologic systems are often classified as injuries in which the onset of clinical signs began greater than 2 weeks ago, have recurred more than once, or cannot be corrected surgically due to concurrent illness in the patient.

Layers of the intestinal wall include mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.

Diseases of the salivary glands in dogs are usually inflammatory, neoplastic, or traumatic.

The recovery period is a very important period where vigilance is the key as complications such as hypoventilation; hypoxemia, hypothermia, pain, and excitation are not uncommon.

Normal Anatomy: The stomach is divided into the cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric antrum and the esophagus enters the stomach through the cardiac ostium.

The prevalence of renal and/or ureteral calculi in the dog is relatively uncommon (5-10% of all urinary tract calculi) when compared to calculi in the lower urinary tract.

There are many factors that play a role in airway management and ventilation.

This text is not intended to cover each and every aspect relating to wounds presented in veterinary medicine.

Avoiding surgical mistakes begins before surgery with appropriate workup of each case on an individual basis.

Axial pattern flaps (APF) are a type of pedicle flap that include a large direct cutaneous artery and vein.

Disease of the ears is very common in both dogs and cats. Infectious, parasitic, neoplastic, immune related, allergic disease, foreign bodies and trauma may affect the ears.

Surgical exploration of the abdomen is performed for diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic purposes.

The upper airway distress syndrome is composed of thee individual conditions that cause animals to have moderate to severe inspiratory dypnea.

Surgery is performed for dogs with pituitary and adrenal-dependent disease.

Goals of this presentation are to identify physiologic and pathologic abnormalities that require attention in order to provide safe anesthesia in dogs and cats that have, or will be undergoing, penetration of the thoracic cavity.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of important aspects of perioperative management.

Castration techniques for exotic mammals include scrotal, prescrotal and abdominal surgical approaches.

Congenital portosystemic shunts usually are single vessels that develop inside or outside the liver (Photo 1). Because these vessels carry blood around the liver instead of through it, the normal hepatic processes of metabolism, storage and production are disrupted. Most animals with congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) present with mild to moderate clinical signs that are not life-threatening. The most critical component for their long-term treatment is restriction of dietary protein to reduce substrates for ammonia formation by colonic bacteria. Diets for dogs with CPSS should be 15 percent to 20 percent protein on a dry-matter basis, readily digestible, high in zinc and vitamin E, and low in manganese. Sources of gastrointestinal hemorrhage (gastritis, parasites), which provide additional protein substrate, should be treated. Ammonia production and absorption can be reduced by administration of lactulose, antibiotics such as neomycin or metronidazole, or unflavored yogurt with active cultures. Cystitis..

Congenital portosystemic shunts usually are single vessels that develop inside or outside the liver (Photo 1). Because these vessels carry blood around the liver instead of through it, the normal hepatic processes of metabolism, storage and production are disrupted.

Congenital portosystemic shunts (PSS) occur in 0.18 percent of all dogs, and are particularly common in Yorkshire Terriers, Maltese dogs, Pugs, Schnauzers and Shih Tzus.

A chief concern with any trauma that causes frontal or poll injury is possible damage to the central nervous system.