Surgery

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Shelters can adopt out only so many animals, says Kate Hurley, DVM, MPVM, director of the Koret Shelter Medicine Program at the University of California, Davis. So the biggest impact on euthanasia numbers will be on the intake side of the equation, not the adoption side.

Cystotomy is commonly performed in small-animal practice to remove cystic calculi that cannot be treated medically or with other nonsurgical extraction techniques (urohydropropulsion, catheter or basket removal). Unfortunately, if numerous smaller calculi are present in the bladder and urethra, particularly in male dogs, the risk of leaving calculi after cystotomy can be as high as 15% to 20%.

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In patients with known or suspected liver disease, obtaining a biopsy sample is often indicated. This article features guidance on when and how to perform a surgical hepatic biopsy.

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You may be hesitant to perform a full-thickness incisional biopsy to obtain an intestinal tissue sample, but in many cases, this technique is preferred. In this article, we review when incisional biopsy is best and provide a simple step-by-step guide to the procedure to increase your confidence.