Sonographic evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract is a routine part of the diagnostic investigation of gastrointestinal disorders. Improved visualization of the GI tract has been achieved due to technologic advances in both ultrasound machines and with the development of higher frequency transducers.
Anatomy (from the?Greek??v???????anatomia, from??v????v????ana: separate, apart from, and temnein, to cut up, cut open) is a branch of?biology?and?medicine?that is the consideration of the?structure of living things. It is a general term that includeshuman anatomy, animal anatomy (zootomy) and?plant anatomy?(phytotomy).
If the radiographic image is of diagnostic quality, you are able to perceive objects/structures because of their atomic composition and the state of the matter in those objects/structures.The terms used to compare objects of different darkness or whiteness are radiolucent (dark, less opaque) and radiopaque (white, more opaque).
Cases will be presented in a "what is your diagnosis" format. The audience will be asked to participate in the presentation so that it will be a discussion rather than a monolog.
Radiology is like standing on the outside of the building; it allows you to see the size, shape and contour of the building; ultrasound allows you to look into each room in the building i.e. the liver room, the gallbladder room, the pancreas room, the kidney room, the urinary bladder room etc.Indications for radiographic examination
The respiratory system extends from the tip of the nose to the diaphragm.
The survey ultrasound study is primarily used to assess soft tissue composition and in some cases function (echocardiogram) as well as guide you in biopsying "soft tissue" lesions. It has limited value in assessing bone-primarily restricted to the bone surface and it has no value in evaluating gas other than letting you know gas is present.
Initially we have to review all the normal structures on a thoracic radiograph before we can begin to discuss pathology. So a review....There are three main normal structures in the lungs: the interstitium, airways, and vessels. The interstitium is the supporting structure of the lungs.
Radiology is like standing on the outside of the building; it allows you to see the size, shape and contour of the building; ultrasound allows you to look into each room in the building i.e. the liver room, the gallbladder room, the pancreas room, the kidney room, the urinary bladder room etc.
Indications for an esophagram include regurgitation, gagging or retching, dysphagia, cough associated with eating, as well as the presence of a mediastinal, cervical, or thoracic mass. The pertinent anatomy to remember is that in the cat the caudal 1/3 of the esophagus is smooth muscle.
If you make an assumption that is not supported by fact, experience, knowledge, you will eventually make a mistake.
Before pathology can be discussed, the normal appearance of the liver, biliary system, and pancreas will be reviewed. Determination of liver size via US is not accurate and is best done on radiographs. Ultrasound is best performed with the animal in dorsal recumbency (on their back) and the area must be clipped free of hair.
Let's begin with the upper urinary tract – the kidneys and ureters. Knowing normal anatomy is of course initially necessary to perform an adequate ultrasound examination. You should always scan in two planes (sagittal and transverse). The right kidney is harder to visualize as it is located at the level of T13 and is located in the caudate fossa of the liver.
While standard radiographic and ultrasound imaging techniques are common diagnostic tools in exotic animal medicine, the use of more advanced imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) currently appear to be underutilized for exotic patients.
The key to examining a thyroid mass by ultrasonography.
Incorrect answer for Image Quiz: Cytology-A dyspneic calico with a runny nose
A useful protocol for identifying orthopedic lesions.
The best diagnostic plan for feline odonotoclastic resorptive lesions.
Find out how to predict gallbladder rupture in dogs.
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WVC clinical speaker discusses how to interpret radiographs quickly and accurately in critical patients.
