There are 3 important fractions of calcium. This includes ionized calcium (45-50% of total calcium), which is the physiologically active fraction and is maintained within a fairly narrow range; protein-bound calcium (50-55% of total calcium) which is typically bound to albumin and is an inactive form of calcium; and complexed calcium, which in the normal patient accounts for less than 1-2% of total calcium, but can elevate the total calcium without affecting ionized calcium in chronic renal failure due to retention of substances such as citrate and oxalate that form calcium complexes.
Chronic kidney disease and failure is invariably progressive; however, stable disease and a reasonable quality of life can be obtained for some time in most cats.
It depends how big you build--and on the site fees, appraisals, zoning fees, and interest rate. Here's help with your estimate.
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a devastating disease in dogs with a reported mortality rate that ranges between 29% and 70% in the veterinary literature.
It is important that the clinician formulate a treatment protocol based on a correlation of clinical course, laboratory and gross findings, and histologic findings rather than relying on histologic changes alone. Although treatment principles for cats and dogs with IBD are similar, drug selection and dosage regimens vary between these two species in some situations.
The March issue of DVM Newsmagazine highlighted an increasingly critical issue in veterinary education: the escalation of student debt. Discussion around this topic is widespread and is bolstered by fact and emotion. Finding a solution is vital to the future of the veterinary profession, but robust analysis of the situation requires full information from the student, employer and academic perspectives.
Before considering pathologic cytology of lymph nodes, it is necessary to define normal lymph node cytology. Aspirates from normal lymph nodes contain mixed cell populations in which small lymphocytes are the predominant cell (>80 percent of all cells).
It's clearly a trend: The nation is cracking down on animal cruelty.
Aaaaaaah! Youre the star of a horror flick that takes place in your veterinary hospital, with the demons and creeps played by some awful coworkers. But you can survive! Learn about the hairy problems these fiends put you in and whether their thoughtless or malicious behavior is bullying, harassment or just really, really annoying.
There’s more to the “pandemic puppy” narrative. Here’s what you need to know.
Curb the 5 o'clock chaos with these simple steps to streamline your discharge appointments and send clients away happy.
It has been a little more than a decade since Drs. Hendrick and Goldschmidt1 submitted their query to the profession, "Do injection-site reactions induce fibrosarcomas in cats?"
In this Q&A, Marty Becker, DVM, Elite FFCP-V and Paul Bloom, DVM, DACVD, DABVP (Canine and Feline), Elite FFCP-III share extensive advice on how to minimize fear, anxiety, and stress in patients
Using ultrasound guidance to perform fine-needle aspiration biopsy is preferred for tumors of the neck.
Gracie, a 10-year-old spayed cocker spaniel, was presented because she failed to regrow hair five months after surgery to remove a benign skin mass from the left lateral thorax.
Consider these scripts when fielding questions from veterinary clients about the cost of flea, tick and heartworm preventives.
Negativity can suck the life out of you and your veterinary team. Learn to let that person go.
West LaFayette, Ind. - A vaccine that could offer protection from highly pathogenic bird flu and its evolving forms is under development by Purdue University and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) researchers.
Anyone who has suffered from tension headaches, tennis elbow or recurrent back pain has experienced some form of myofascial pain.
There is a perception that a rural practitioner has a much harder time achieving "success" than if that same doctor had gone into small animal practice in the big city.
Osteoarthritis is a common, often-debilitating disease of both animals and humans. It may involve any joint, but the joints most clinically affected are the hip, elbow, shoulder, knee, and spine. It is estimated that one in five dogs will show obvious signs of pain from osteoarthritis; in many more dogs, however, the signs will be subtle or subclinical. In dogs, the most common form of osteoarthritis is canine hip dysplasia. The radiographic prevalence of canine hip dysplasia is as high as 75% in some breeds and the disease can cause pain and dysfunction in affected animals.