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There is little evidence based medicine concerning the best dietary or nutritional management of alimentary disease in dogs and cats.

In ideal cases, treatment of hepatobiliary cases is based on biopsy, when indicated. Although not all clients will be willing to follow this diagnostic test, I think it is important to make this recommendation.

The vomiting patient is a diagnostic challenge because of the wide variety of gastric, intestinal, and non-GI disorders (metabolic, neurologic, paraneoplastic) that cause this clinical sign.

Physalloptera nematodes are an uncommon cause of chronic vomiting in dogs and uncommon to rare cause in cats. Since the ova are difficult to consistently find using fecal flotation the true importance is likely underestimated.

he simplest, least invasive, most economical diagnostic tool for determining the stage of the estrous cycle in a bitch, and surely the most widely utilized, is the examination of the bitchs vaginal cytology.

While vaginal cytology is an inexpensive, accurate way to diagnose the stage of the estrous cycle of a bitch, use of cytology alone will not allow the clinician to determine the truly important events in the cycle: the LH surge, ovulation, and the fertile period.

Canine pyometra is considered an emergency in veterinary practice due to the life-threatening nature of the condition.

Ringworm is rarely life threatening in household pets, but in the shelter, it can lead to almost unmanageable outbreaks, excessive costs, and euthanasia due to its zoonotic potential.

In shelters, there are many causes of diarrhea in felines.

A range of behaviors harmful to animals may be defined as abuse. This includes both intentional and unintentional harm or neglect.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) poses a serious threat in animal shelters, as a double stranded DNA virus that has rapid spread and the ability to persist in the environment for months to years.

So you have the standards, but now how do you implement them?

It is always important to document and handle all materials related to a case as evidence.

Retrievers and gun dogs often work in conditions of uneven terrain, with poor visibility and extreme ambient temperatures.

One of the most common injuries in sporting dogs involves the shoulder.

When we think of sports for dogs we usually think of racing and coursing or luring as with greyhounds; or of field trial dogs for hunting, or even sled dogs in the Iditarod.

Osteoarthritis (OA) affects diarthrodial joints of small animals including the shoulder, elbow, carpus, hip, stifle, tarsus, and spinal articulations.

The term laser stands for light amplification stimulated by emission of radiation.

Aging is not a disease. However, in the canine athlete, it may seem that they get older faster.

Important considerations when treating cases include concurrent conditions such as those that occur following trauma, prevention of further injury, and repeat examination to identify problems that were not previously diagnosed.

Tendon and ligament injuries can be serious enough to not only affect performance but to end a dogs career.

The U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines a pesticide as "any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or lessening the damage of any pest".

The veterinarians role in the health care of dogs is changing.

When one is concerned about treating intoxications, the primary emphasis should be on prevention, not treatment.

While most small animals being seen by veterinarians are not herbivorous, they will from time to time ingest plants out of boredom or maybe for other reasons.

This discussion will be divided into OTC products and Illegal drugs for ease of discussion.

Heavy metals have often been a cause of intoxication in companion animals but the number metals that cause a toxicosis is low.

Household products are generally made from complex chemical mixtures.

A venomous animal produces a toxin to attack its prey or defend itself. Animal venoms are protein in nature and primarily enzymes.

Down cattle represent a major welfare issue for the dairy industry.