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“In some dogs, it is difficult to know whether vaginitis caused a UTI or if a UTI caused vaginitis. Concurrent bacterial cultures of vaginal vault samples obtained by using a guarded vaginal swab and a urine sample collected by cystocentesis may permit you to localize disease at the time of presentation.”

-Margaret V. Root-Kustritz, DVM, PhD, DACT

From Vaginitis in dogs: A simple approach to a complex condition