What is the risk of leaving calculi after cystotomy?
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“If numerous smaller calculi are present in the bladder and urethra, particularly in male dogs, the risk of leaving calculi after cystotomy can be as high as 15% to 20%.”
-Daniel D. Smeak, DVM, DACVS
From Practical Matters: Radiography helps confirm complete radiopaque calculi removal
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