Anthony P. Carr, Dr. med. vet., DACVIM

Electrocardiography is an integral part of the cardiological exam. It is the only way to determine heart rhythm accurately and to determine if there are any conduction abnormalities.

Constipation is a frequent complaint middle aged to older cats. In some cases the disease becomes refractory enough to treatment that either subtotal colectomy or euthanasia have to be considered.

Guidelines for immunosuppressive therapy

The etiology of thrombosis in nephrotic syndrome is multifactorial.

The exact incidence of hypertension in hyperthyroid cats is unknown to date.

The disease is a result of immune complexes accumulating within the glomerulus.

Hemostasis results through a complex interaction between platelets, blood vessel wall and coagulation factors.

Polyarthropathies are a diagnostic challenge in practice. Once it has been determined that an animal is suffering from inflammatory joint disease, it is necessary to determine whether the disease is caused by infectious agents or is a result of an idiopathic immune mediated disease.

Although we at times are not pleased by breeders, the very tight breeding that has went into producing the purebred dogs we see in practice can make our jobs easier in regard to diagnosing complex internal medicine problems.

It is known that high blood pressure is associated with renal disease in many species including cats and dogs. That this is important is known from many studies including ones involving dogs.

Blood pressure measurement is often not a routine part of small animal practice.

Unlike bacterial infections, parasites are much easier to prevent.

Hyperadrenocorticism remains one of the most common endocrine disorders diagnosed in the geriatric dog population.

The cause of IMHA has been discussed at length.

The disease is a result of immune complexes accumulating within the glomerulus.

This session will deal with case examples where blood pressure measurement is indicated.

It is known that high blood pressure is associated with renal disease in many species including cats and dogs.

Blood pressure measurement is often not a routine part of small animal practice.

Many zoonotic diseases are bacterial in origin.

Various serovars of Leptospira interrogans are the infective agents.

Reference ranges are established by testing a group of apparently healthy normal animals. But even if a value falls within the reference range, it may not be normal for that animal if the animal is ill.