Non-diarrheal diseases of calves (Proceedings)

Neonatal septicemia is the most important non-diarrheal disease of calves. It is a systemic disease associated with microorganisms and/or their toxins in the blood. It is frequently accompanied by disseminated infection and is almost always predisposal by failure of passive transfer (FPT) of colostral antibodies. Because FPT is so important in the pathogenesis of neonatal septicemia, and the prevention of FPT usually results in the prevention of neonatal septicemia. I will begin with a review of colostrum and FPT.

Most of us know a lot about colostrum, passive transfer and failure passive transfer. Unfortunately some of what we "know" may have been proven to be untrue or at least remains still unproven.

To achieve good passive transfer, it is necessary to have high quality colostrum. What is high quality colostrum and how can it be identified? Not the presence of edema, the size or shape(in beef cattle) of the udder, color of colostrum nor the CMT score is associated with the lgG concentration. The viscosity of colostrum was predictive of the quality of colostrum in an interesting way. Colostrum with very high and very low viscosity contained more lgG than colostrum with moderate viscosity. Some studies suggest that cows that produce more colostrum produce poor colostrum, but other studies refute that. Mastitis in beef cattle and firmness of the udder of dairy cattle were associated with FPT and colostrum with low lgG concentration. Colostrum from dairy cattle in general has lower lgG concentration than that from beef cattle. It is recommended that dairy calves receive 3-4 L within the first 4 hours of life while 1 L is often sufficient for beef calves.

How should colostrum be administered? Although studies have shown that calves that suckle absorb slightly more IgG than calves that are intubated, most experts agree that adequate passive transfer is achieved in a greater percentage of dairy calves if they are intubated with a standard adequate quantity of colostrum instead of being allowed to suckle the cow or a bottle.

Immunoglobulin molecules are able to pass through the gut mucosa because enterocytes are capable of pinocytosis during the first day of life. The absorption of lgG decreases gradually so that by 24 hours, almost no absorption occurs. If a calf receives nothing by mouth before its first colostrum feeding, the closure of the gut to absorption is delayed, but complete closure is achieved by 36 about hours.

What is the relationship between FPT, mortality and morbidity? FPT increase the risk of mortality in beef and dairy calves about 3-5 times during the preweaning period. In a large study of dairy calves where overall mortality was 5%, 75% of calves with FPT survived. In a study of beef cattle where overall mortality was 3.2%, 91% of calves with FPT survive, and 80 % never got sick. Performance in the feedlot later in life was found to be negatively associated with FPT in one study, but not another. Therefore, while we all recognize that FPT is a serious risk factor for disease in neonatal calves, it is not a death sentence.

When it comes to passive transfer of colostral antibody, is more better? Not really. In dairy calves at least, there appears to be a threshold for serum lgG concentration above which there is not an improvement in preweaning survival. There seems to be little advantage of a total serum protein > 5m5g of lgG/dL.

Septicemia can occur when a pathogenic organism is able to overwhelm the immune system of a host. While the organism may be present in the environment and may even cause a transient bacteremia in calves with adequate passive transfer, the bacteria usually cause serious disease only in calves with FPT. Occasionally outbreaks of septicemia occur, but typically the disease is caused by an environmental opportunist. The intestine is the most common site of entry into the circulatory system of the calf. Oral and respiratory mucosal may also be sites of entry. The umbilicus, once thought to be the major site of entry, is probably of secondary importance. Once in circulation, the bacteria may in fact joints, physes, the liver, kidney, bones or the meninges.

The clinical signs of septicemia are referable to the systemic and local efforts of the bacteria and toxins. Both gram positive and gram negative bacteria can initiate an inflammatory cascade that ends in fever or hypothermia, depression, hypotensive shock and cardiac or respiratory failure. Signs referable to local infection include hypopyon, blindness, sceral injection, lameness, convulsion, or coma. Diarrhea is often associated with septicemia in dairy cattle, but most septicemic beef calves are not diarrheic.

The etiology could conceivably be any bacterium, but E. coli is the most frequent isolate. Salmonella sp are also important in dairy cattle. In the author's hospital, Actinobacillas pyogenes is the second most frequent isolate in beef calves. Diagnosis in the field is usually based on clinical signs like septic arthritis, hypopyon convulsions and a history that the calf was "fine yesterday". Physical examination and post-mortem findings in some of these calves demonstrate that the disease process is greater than 24 hours in duration. Having seen several calves develop septicemia in the hospital under close observation, I realize that the early signs are subtle and nonspecific. Many producers miss the early signs. Any calf under 2 weeks of age with unexplained fever, depression or inappetence should be considered possibly septicemic. Those with the previous signs plus omphalitis, swollen joints, hypopyon or neurologic signs should be considered highly likely to be septicemic. Several scoring systems to help identify septic calves have been developed. Some employ only clinical signs while others include laboratory data.

Evidence of FPT, abnormal neutrophil count, immature neutrophils in circulation or hyperfibringenemia are also supportive of the diagnosis. Of course culture of the organism from the blood is the definitive diagnostic test, but it is seldom performed due to cost and delay in obtaining results.

Treatment

Treatment of septicemia centers an antimicrobial therapy and anti-inflammatory agents to block the inflammatory cascade. The antimicrobial should be chosen on the basis of spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetic properties, route of administration and food safety considerations. Previous use of antibiotics and the farm could influence the susceptibility of the environmental organisms. In a study on a veal calf ranch, Fecteau isolated gram negative organisms that were resistant to several antibodies. In our hospital, many of the organisms we isolate from beef cattle are susceptible to many antibodies. Cephalosporins and beta-lactams with gram negative activity are good choices. It may be necessary to administer doses that are substantially higher than those recommended for treatment of respiratory disease because of the greater MIC for coliforms. Some of the longer- acting antibiotics for respiratory disease (florfenicol, tilicosin, tulathromycin) achieve high concentration in tissues like lung, but maintain relatively low plasma concentrations. Because the bacteria are in circulation, they may not be inhibited by the low plasma concentrations of these drugs. Of course, calves destined for slaughter at an early age must be treated with antimicrobial drugs that will not produce illegal residues in tissues.

Frequently, a calf will survive the systemic effects of septicemia with or without treatment, but may need additional treatment for some of the localized infections that occur secondary to dissemination of bacteria. One example of this is septic arthritis. Early recognition of septic arthritis is key to successful treatment. The most effective method of treatment is joint lavage combined with parenteral and local and antimicrobial therapy. Briefly, the joint is lavaged with lactated Ringers solution through two or more large bore needles. If there is already fibrin in the joint, an arthrotomy is indicated. The fibrin can be physically removed from the joint with lavage and with the aid of forceps. If a needle lavage is performed, then microbial agents should be instilled in the joint after lavage. If an arthrotomy is performed, the incisions must be covered with a bandage or with stents held in place with sutures. Another associated infection is omphlalitis. If the infection extends into the abdominal cavity, the infected umbilical structure should be surgically removed. Deep palpation or ultrasonography may be used to determine which structure is involved and to what extent, prior to surgery. The urachus is the umbilical structure most often infected and most easily removed surgically.

In summary, the keys to preventing septicemia are good colostral management and a clean calving environment. FPT increases the risk of septicemia, but not all calves with FPT become septicemic. Numerous organisms may be the etiologic agent and septicemia may be associated with a variety of clinical manifestations. Early and aggressive treatment with anti-microbial agents, with or without surgical intervention, may be required for a successful outcome.