Virginia B. Reef, DVM, DACVIM

The soft tissue structures of the joints, back, and foot can be evaluated ultrasonographically yielding important diagnostic information that cannot be obtained radiographically.

Diagnostic ultrasonography has, more recently, been applied to the assessment of other less traditional musculoskeletal problems such as evaluation of bone, joints, muscle and nerves.

Physiologic flow murmurs are murmurs associated with normal blood flow through the heart and great vessels.

Ultrasonography is invaluable in the diagnosis of the cause of colic in horses.

Thoracic ultrasonography yields information about the lung and pleural cavity heretofore unavailable to the veterinarian.

The normal horse's heart rate varies with exercise up to a maximum of 200 - 240 beats/ minute.