Katrina Lafferty, BFA, CVT, VTS (Anesthesia)

A clinic or veterinary facility planning to see critical exotic animal cases needs to do some homework.

Poorly managed pain, whether before, during, or after anesthesia, can have a number of harmful consequences.

Anesthetic patients should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis and an anesthetic protocol created for the individual situation.

The 4th vital sign: pain.

Pain management in veterinary patients has come a long way.

Often epidural anesthesia and analgesia is underutilized in the veterinary world as part of a multi-modal approach to pain management.